1. The three types of muscles in the muscular system are, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and skeletal muscle, and their functions are to start the movement of food, heart movement, and control the body's contractions.
2. The sliding filament which belongs to the muscle contraction, states that when signal, the acting filaments within each slide toward another.
3. Exercise can change muscle strength by stressing the muscle.It can also change muscle function by squeezing, exerting pressure on the space inside the tube it surrounds.
4. Muscle strength is determined by the thickness of the fibers and on how many of them contract at one time.
5. Paralysis of smooth muscles are life threatening, because the digestive system is a part of the smooth muscles.
Wednesday, April 28, 2010
Section 34.1
1. The epidermis is the outer most layer of the skin, and is made up of two parts- an exterior and interior portion. Meanwhile the dermis is the thickness of the dermis varies in different parts of the body, depending on the function of that part.
2. The integumentary system is composed of layers from the four types of body tissues epithelial, connective muscle, and nervous system. Its functions include, maintenance of homeostasis by regulating your internal body temperature. Sweat glands produce sweat in response to body temperature.
3. The skin interrelates with other organ systems to maintain a constant body temperature by, regulating the bodies internal body temperature.
4. The skin responds to external stimuli by cold and fright. Nervous tissue helps us detect external stimuli, such as pain or pressure.
5. A third-degree burn affects the body as a whole because, with this type of burn, the skin function is lost, and skin grafts may be required to replace lost skin.
2. The integumentary system is composed of layers from the four types of body tissues epithelial, connective muscle, and nervous system. Its functions include, maintenance of homeostasis by regulating your internal body temperature. Sweat glands produce sweat in response to body temperature.
3. The skin interrelates with other organ systems to maintain a constant body temperature by, regulating the bodies internal body temperature.
4. The skin responds to external stimuli by cold and fright. Nervous tissue helps us detect external stimuli, such as pain or pressure.
5. A third-degree burn affects the body as a whole because, with this type of burn, the skin function is lost, and skin grafts may be required to replace lost skin.
Tuesday, April 27, 2010
Chapter 34 Section 34.2 Skin:The Body's Protection Bones: The Body's Support pg. 904 ?'s 1-5
1. The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the arms and legs and structures associated with them, such as the shoulder and hip bones, wrists, ankles, fingers, and toes. While the axial skeleton includes only the skull and the bones that support it, such as the vertebral column, the ribs, and the sternum.
2. The four main kinds of joints of movable joints are the joints, which are found where two or more bones meet; example: the skull. Ligament, which is a tough band of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another; example: knee. The bursae, located on the outside of the joints; example: the shoulder. And lastly the Tendons, which are thick bands of connective tissue, attaches muscles to bones; examples: wrist, ankle, and knee.
3. A compact bone is different from the spongy bone because the compact bone is the surrounding of every bone in a layer of hard bone and it also surrounds less dense bone than the spongy bone.
4. The functions of the skeletal system are to provide the framework for the body.
5. It would be impossible for bones to grow from within because, in normal bone formation and bone resorption are closely coupled processes involved in the normal remodeling of the bone.
2. The four main kinds of joints of movable joints are the joints, which are found where two or more bones meet; example: the skull. Ligament, which is a tough band of connective tissue that attaches one bone to another; example: knee. The bursae, located on the outside of the joints; example: the shoulder. And lastly the Tendons, which are thick bands of connective tissue, attaches muscles to bones; examples: wrist, ankle, and knee.
3. A compact bone is different from the spongy bone because the compact bone is the surrounding of every bone in a layer of hard bone and it also surrounds less dense bone than the spongy bone.
4. The functions of the skeletal system are to provide the framework for the body.
5. It would be impossible for bones to grow from within because, in normal bone formation and bone resorption are closely coupled processes involved in the normal remodeling of the bone.
Wednesday, February 17, 2010
Biology 1 blogs
18.1 Viruses
Why is a virus considered to be nonliving?
•Most people (biologists) consider viruses to be nonliving because they don't exhibit all the criteria for life. They don't carry out respiration, grow, or develop, all viruses can do is replicate and they can't even do that without the help of living cells.
What is the difference between a lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle?
•A lytic cycle is, the cycle which the new viruses can infect and kill other host cells. the Lysogenic is, the replication cycle in which the viruses nucleic acid is integrated into the host cell's chromosome.
What is a provirus?
•A provirus is viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell's chromosome.
How do retroviruses convert their RNA to DNA?
•Retroviruses convert their RNA to DNA by using, reverse transcriptase, an enzyme which is carried inside it's capsid. This enzyme helps produce double-stranded DNA from the viral RNA. Then the double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into the host cell's chromosome and becomes a provirus.
Describe the state of a herpes virus in a person who had cold sores several years ago but who does not have them now.
•If a person had cold sores several years ago, but no longer has it now means that this disease is going through the lysogenic cycle, meaning that the virus may seem to be gone but in reality it's just waiting to repeat it's cycle again.
17.1 Classification
1.For what reasons are biological classification systems needed?
2. Give two reasons why species binomial nomenclature is useful.
3. Describe what Linnaeus contributed to the field of taxonomy.
4. What are the taxa used in biological classification?
Which taxon contains the largest number of species?
Which taxon contains the fewest number of species?
5. Use categories that parallel the taxa of a biological classification system to organize the items you can borrow from a library.
17.2 The Six Kingdoms
1. How do members of the different kingdoms obtain nutrients?
Why is a virus considered to be nonliving?
•Most people (biologists) consider viruses to be nonliving because they don't exhibit all the criteria for life. They don't carry out respiration, grow, or develop, all viruses can do is replicate and they can't even do that without the help of living cells.
What is the difference between a lytic cycle and lysogenic cycle?
•A lytic cycle is, the cycle which the new viruses can infect and kill other host cells. the Lysogenic is, the replication cycle in which the viruses nucleic acid is integrated into the host cell's chromosome.
What is a provirus?
•A provirus is viral DNA that is integrated into the host cell's chromosome.
How do retroviruses convert their RNA to DNA?
•Retroviruses convert their RNA to DNA by using, reverse transcriptase, an enzyme which is carried inside it's capsid. This enzyme helps produce double-stranded DNA from the viral RNA. Then the double-stranded viral DNA is integrated into the host cell's chromosome and becomes a provirus.
Describe the state of a herpes virus in a person who had cold sores several years ago but who does not have them now.
•If a person had cold sores several years ago, but no longer has it now means that this disease is going through the lysogenic cycle, meaning that the virus may seem to be gone but in reality it's just waiting to repeat it's cycle again.
17.1 Classification
1.For what reasons are biological classification systems needed?
- Biological classification is utilized by scientists to better understand organisms so that they can organize them.
2. Give two reasons why species binomial nomenclature is useful.
- To identify but as well for conversation, characteristics, and to help identify the genus of the organism.
3. Describe what Linnaeus contributed to the field of taxonomy.
- Linnaeus's systems was based on physical and structural similarities of organisms. Example: He might used the similarities in flower parts as a basis for classifying flowering plants.
4. What are the taxa used in biological classification?
- Taxa is used in biological classification to identify plants, and animals.
Which taxon contains the largest number of species?
- The broader a taxon, the more general it's characteristics, and the more species it contains.
Which taxon contains the fewest number of species?
- The smallest taxon is species.
5. Use categories that parallel the taxa of a biological classification system to organize the items you can borrow from a library.
17.2 The Six Kingdoms
1. How do members of the different kingdoms obtain nutrients?
- In general, differences in cellular structures and methods of obtaining energy are the two main characteristics that distinguish among the members of the six kingdoms.
2. Make a list of the characteristics that archae bacteria and eubacteria share. Then make a list of their differences.
Archae bacteria/Eubacteria-similarities
Archae bacteria/Eubacteria-similarities
- Both have genes in similar structure,
- both are prokaryotic, so they don't have a nucleus,
- both have circular chromosomes, and their ribosomes are fundamentally similar in structure.
- Eubacteria has less complex genetic makeup, than Archae bacteria,
- Archae bacteria can obtain energy through methanogenesis as fore Eubacteria cannot,
- Archae bacteria are not pathogenic where, Eubacteria aren't.
3. What does it mean for species to have an evolutionary relationships?
Identify five ways these relationships are determined. Describe each briefly and give an example for each.
They are identified by these five ways as follows:
- It means having the abiltity to interbreed, and having common similar gene sequences, which are determined by sequencing genes.
Identify five ways these relationships are determined. Describe each briefly and give an example for each.
They are identified by these five ways as follows:
- Structure similarities-occurrs among species which reveal relationships,
- Example- the presence of many physical structures.
- Breeding behavior-sometimes provides important clues to relationships among species
- Example-two species of frogs, Hyla versicolor and Hyla chrysoscelis, live in the same area and look similar.
- Geographical distribution- the location of species on Earth that helps biologists determine their realtionships with other species.
- Example-many different species of finches live on the Galapagos Islands off the coast of South America.
- Chromosome comparisons-both the number and structure of chromosomes, as seen during mitosis and meiosis, provide evidence about relationships among species.
- Example-Cauliflower, Cabbage, Kale, and Broccoli look different but have chromosomes that are almost identical in structure.
- Biochemistry-powerful evidence about relationships among species comes from biochemical analysis of organisms.
- Example-the DNA sequence in giant panadas and red panadas differ.
4. How do cladograms and fan-like diagrams differ?
- Cladograms is a model of the phylogent of a species, while fan-like diagrams, only help find realtionships between modern and extinct species.
5. Why is phylogenic classification more natural than a system based on characteristics such as medical usefulness, or the shapes, sizes, and colors of body structures?
- A phylogenic classification is more natural than a system based on similar characteristics because phylogenic classification is the sum of their genes.
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